ABSTRACT
Background: Textile industry not only plays a vital role in our daily life but also a prominent factor in improving global economy. One of the environmental concern is it releases huge quantities of toxic dyes in the water leading to severe environmental pollution. Bacterial laccase and azoreductase successfully oxidize complex chemical structure of nitrogen group-containing azo dyes. Additionally, the presence of textile dye infuriates bacterial peroxidase to act as a dye degrading enzyme. Our present study deals with three textile dye degrading enzymes laccase, azoreductase, and peroxidase through analyzing their structural and functional properties using standard computational tools. Result: According to the comparative analysis of physicochemical characteristics, it was clear that laccase was mostly made up of basic amino acids whereas azoreductase and peroxidase both comprised of acidic amino acids. Higher aliphatic index ascertained the thermostability of all these three enzymes. Negative GRAVY value of the enzymes confirmed better water interaction of the enzymes. Instability index depicted that compared to laccase and preoxidase, azoreductase was more stable in nature. It was also observed that the three model proteins had more than 90% of total amino acids in the favored region of Ramachandran plot. Functional analysis revealed laccase as multicopper oxidase type enzyme and azoreductase as FMN dependent enzyme, while peroxidase consisted of α-ß barrel with additional haem group. Conclusion: Present study aims to provide knowledge on industrial dye degrading enzymes, choosing the suitable enzyme for industrial set up and to help in understanding the experimental laboratory requirements as well.
Subject(s)
Azo Compounds/metabolism , Peroxidase/chemistry , Laccase/chemistry , NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/chemistry , Temperature , Azo Compounds/chemistry , Textile Industry , Biodegradation, Environmental , Computer Simulation , Enzyme Stability , Peroxidase/metabolism , Lactase/metabolism , Coloring Agents/metabolism , NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolismABSTRACT
Introduction: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is lower in women in comparison to male which is attributedto the effect of estrogen on vascular system. However, report on estrogen replacement therapy in menopausalwomen on blood pressure reactivity is inconsistent. The psychosocial stressors of daily life trigger elevatedsympathetic response which is an important independent cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, the presentstudy intends to determine the effect of laboratory stressor on arterial compliance in young women duringdifferent phases of menstrual cycle.Methods: It is a cross-sectional, observational study conducted on 24 students of 18-22 years of age group.The participants attended two sessions in late follicular (days 12-15) and luteal phase (days 21-24). Theanthropometric parameters and detailed menstrual history were recorded. They were exposed to a 5-minMental Arithmetic Stress Test (MAST). Peripheral SBP, DBP, central SBP, DBP, Heart rate (HR), AugmentationIndex, and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were recorded before and during the test. Paired ttest was performed to compare the means of the parameters and linear regression analysis was done toexamine the association between cardiovascular parameters and MAST score in both phases. ANCOVA wasdone to examine the difference in MAST response between follicular and luteal phases.Results: BMI and WHR of the subjects were mostly within normal limits with few exceptions. Heart rate wassignificantly decreased during MAST in follicular phase. However, baPWV was increased significantly duringMAST in both phases. There was an increasing trend in other parameters during MAST in both phasesexcepting pulse pressure. No association between cardiovascular parameters and MAST score was revealedby linear regression analysis. There was no significant difference in MAST score in both phases.Conclusions: An increasing trend of cardiovascular parameters during MAST was observed because ofelevated sympathetic activity. A decrease in HR was observed in certain participants during both phaseswhile performing MAST. This decline in peripheral vascular response may enhance the risk of majorcardiovascular events in future. This study therefore concludes that the effect of laboratory stressor in theform of Mental Arithmetic Stress Test (MAST) superimposed on the effect of ovarian hormones, decreasesarterial compliance as measured indirectly by baPWV.